Who commits rape and sexual assault in the US, as victims describe the offender?

In NCVS interviews from 2021 to 2024, victims described the offender in rape or sexual assault victimizations as male in 80.5% and female in 8.1%; as 30 or older in 49.5% and 18-29 in 26.3%; as non-Hispanic white in 39.3%, non-Hispanic black in 20.6% and Hispanic in 15.1%, against 58.4%, 12.6% and 19.5% of U.S. residents; the offender was a stranger in 29.6%, 82.8% of victims were female, and 28.3% of these victimizations were reported to police.

Choose a figure

Male: % of rape/sexual assault victimizations, 2021-2024

80.5

% of rape or sexual assault victimizations in which the victim described the offender as male, Interviews from 2021-2024 pooled

Moderate trust, 63 of 100 Only one source (BJS NCVS), so it cannot be checked against another.

Each source by year: % of rape or sexual assault victimizations in which the victim described the offender as male

Recorded change in how a source reports; hover or focus the ring for details.

Show the data as a table

Year	BJS National Crime Victimization Survey, NCVS Select - Personal Victimization (legacy instrument)
1996	95.7
2000	93.2
2004	91.6
2008	87.7
2012	85
2016	89.9
2020	89.4
2024	80.5

What this number counts

Counts: Share of rape or sexual assault victimizations (completed, attempted and threatened) in which the victim described the offender as male, out of all such victimizations including unknown answers
Where: United States, persons age 12 or older living in households
When: Interviews from 2021-2024 pooled (4 years); the series pools 4-year periods from 1993 and plots each at its last year. Crimes are counted in the year of the interview. (periods differ by source; see each source)

The figure from BJS NCVS, the only source that counts here.

Where the number comes from (1 source)

Source	Figure and year	Definition	Quality	Counts for
BJS National Crime Victimization Survey, NCVS Select - Personal Victimization (legacy instrument)Bureau of Justice Statistics (U.S. Department of Justice) · Victim surveyRetrieved 2026-10-27 · Data (CSV file)	80.52024	NCVS Select victimization records with newoff = 1 (rape/sexual assault), offendersex = 1 ("Male" in the codebook), weighted with newwgt, the series-adjusted victimization weight, which counts a series of similar crimes as the number the victim reported, up to 10, as in BJS reports. Each victim of an incident counts once; BJS's own offender tables use incident weights and leave unknown answers out, so they differ from these shares. About 381,790 victimizations a year in 2021-2024, from 469 sample records. Every period has more than 10 sample records for this group; BJS also flags estimates whose coefficient of variation exceeds 50%, which is not computed here.	4 of 5 checks Yes: Method and definitions published. BJS publishes the codebook, crime definitions and survey methodology (NCVS Select codebook; Criminal Victimization, 2024, Methodology). Yes: Official statistics or peer-reviewed. Official statistics of the Bureau of Justice Statistics; the U.S. Census Bureau conducts the interviews. Yes: Full count or representative sample. Nationally representative household sample of persons age 12 or older; offender traits are as the victim perceived them. Yes: Raw data downloadable. Every victimization record with its weight downloads free from the BJS NCVS Select API. No: No known break or quality problem. Method breaks in 2006 and 2016, a half-sample in 2024, and few rape or sexual assault cases a year, so BJS's small-sample caution applies to some groups.	100%

Better and more direct sources count for more. A source that only copies another does not count.

BJS NCVS 100%

BJS NCVS100%

How the trust score was worked out

Quality32 / 40: How well the sources are made
Agreement15 / 30: Unknown with one source, so set to half
Independence6 / 20: How many separate ways the number was measured
Freshness10 / 10: How recent the newest data is

How the score works

Who reports it, and since when

Which kinds of source measure this number, which years each one published, and where the reporting stops or has holes.

Victim survey · 1

No source of these kinds: police and justice records.

Single source: nothing to check it against
BJS NCVS, 2006: BJS found "a break in series between 2006 and previous years" at the national level, mainly from a new sample based on the 2000 Census, the use of first-time interviews, and computer-assisted interviewing from July 2006 (Criminal Victimization, 2006, p. 1). source
BJS NCVS, 2016: The sample grew by 41% and was moved to the 2010 Census base; BJS issued a revised 2016 file so that 2016 can be compared with other years (Criminal Victimization, 2016: Revised). source
BJS NCVS, 2024: About half of 2024 households got the redesigned questionnaire; the 2024 data here come from the legacy half-sample only, which BJS says gives more variation and higher standard errors. source
BJS NCVS, 2025: BJS moved fully to the redesigned NCVS-R in January 2025 and says its estimates are not comparable with the legacy survey, so this series ends in 2024. source
BJS NCVS: no figure here for 21 years between 1996 and 2024

Years each source has a figure here

'00'05'10'15'20'24BJS NCVS

figure no figure here, inside its range no later figure recorded change

Strangers: % of rape/sexual assault victimizations, 2021-2024

29.6

% of rape or sexual assault victimizations in which the offender was a stranger, Interviews from 2021-2024 pooled

Moderate trust, 63 of 100 Only one source (BJS NCVS), so it cannot be checked against another.

Each source by year: % of rape or sexual assault victimizations in which the offender was a stranger

Recorded change in how a source reports; hover or focus the ring for details.

Show the data as a table

Year	BJS National Crime Victimization Survey, NCVS Select - Personal Victimization (legacy instrument)
1996	25.1
2000	22.4
2004	25.5
2008	27.5
2012	18.2
2016	21.3
2020	26.2
2024	29.6

What this number counts

Counts: Share of rape or sexual assault victimizations (completed, attempted and threatened) in which the offender was a stranger, out of all such victimizations including unknown answers
Where: United States, persons age 12 or older living in households
When: Interviews from 2021-2024 pooled (4 years); the series pools 4-year periods from 1993 and plots each at its last year. Crimes are counted in the year of the interview. (periods differ by source; see each source)

The figure from BJS NCVS, the only source that counts here.

Where the number comes from (1 source)

Source	Figure and year	Definition	Quality	Counts for
BJS National Crime Victimization Survey, NCVS Select - Personal Victimization (legacy instrument)Bureau of Justice Statistics (U.S. Department of Justice) · Victim surveyRetrieved 2026-10-27 · Data (CSV file)	29.62024	NCVS Select victimization records with newoff = 1 (rape/sexual assault), direl = 4 ("Strangers" in the codebook), weighted with newwgt, the series-adjusted victimization weight, which counts a series of similar crimes as the number the victim reported, up to 10, as in BJS reports. Each victim of an incident counts once; BJS's own offender tables use incident weights and leave unknown answers out, so they differ from these shares. About 140,570 victimizations a year in 2021-2024, from 170 sample records. Every period has more than 10 sample records for this group; BJS also flags estimates whose coefficient of variation exceeds 50%, which is not computed here.	4 of 5 checks Yes: Method and definitions published. BJS publishes the codebook, crime definitions and survey methodology (NCVS Select codebook; Criminal Victimization, 2024, Methodology). Yes: Official statistics or peer-reviewed. Official statistics of the Bureau of Justice Statistics; the U.S. Census Bureau conducts the interviews. Yes: Full count or representative sample. Nationally representative household sample of persons age 12 or older; offender traits are as the victim perceived them. Yes: Raw data downloadable. Every victimization record with its weight downloads free from the BJS NCVS Select API. No: No known break or quality problem. Method breaks in 2006 and 2016, a half-sample in 2024, and few rape or sexual assault cases a year, so BJS's small-sample caution applies to some groups.	100%

Better and more direct sources count for more. A source that only copies another does not count.

BJS NCVS 100%

BJS NCVS100%

How the trust score was worked out

Quality32 / 40: How well the sources are made
Agreement15 / 30: Unknown with one source, so set to half
Independence6 / 20: How many separate ways the number was measured
Freshness10 / 10: How recent the newest data is

How the score works

Who reports it, and since when

Which kinds of source measure this number, which years each one published, and where the reporting stops or has holes.

Victim survey · 1

No source of these kinds: police and justice records.

Single source: nothing to check it against
BJS NCVS, 2006: BJS found "a break in series between 2006 and previous years" at the national level, mainly from a new sample based on the 2000 Census, the use of first-time interviews, and computer-assisted interviewing from July 2006 (Criminal Victimization, 2006, p. 1). source
BJS NCVS, 2016: The sample grew by 41% and was moved to the 2010 Census base; BJS issued a revised 2016 file so that 2016 can be compared with other years (Criminal Victimization, 2016: Revised). source
BJS NCVS, 2024: About half of 2024 households got the redesigned questionnaire; the 2024 data here come from the legacy half-sample only, which BJS says gives more variation and higher standard errors. source
BJS NCVS, 2025: BJS moved fully to the redesigned NCVS-R in January 2025 and says its estimates are not comparable with the legacy survey, so this series ends in 2024. source
BJS NCVS: no figure here for 21 years between 1996 and 2024

Years each source has a figure here

'00'05'10'15'20'24BJS NCVS

figure no figure here, inside its range no later figure recorded change

Rape/sexual assault victimizations reported to police, 2021-2024

28.3

% of rape or sexual assault victimizations reported to police, Interviews from 2021-2024 pooled

Moderate trust, 63 of 100 Only one source (BJS NCVS), so it cannot be checked against another.

Each source by year: % of rape or sexual assault victimizations reported to police

Recorded change in how a source reports; hover or focus the ring for details.

Show the data as a table

Year	BJS National Crime Victimization Survey, NCVS Select - Personal Victimization (legacy instrument)
1996	29.5
2000	29.4
2004	45.4
2008	35.6
2012	31.2
2016	31.2
2020	29.9
2024	28.3

What this number counts

Counts: Share of rape or sexual assault victimizations that the victim said were reported to the police (by the victim or anyone else), out of all, including "do not know" answers
Where: United States, persons age 12 or older living in households
When: Interviews from 2021-2024 pooled (4 years); the series pools 4-year periods from 1993 and plots each at its last year. (periods differ by source; see each source)

The figure from BJS NCVS, the only source that counts here.

Where the number comes from (1 source)

Source	Figure and year	Definition	Quality	Counts for
BJS National Crime Victimization Survey, NCVS Select - Personal Victimization (legacy instrument)Bureau of Justice Statistics (U.S. Department of Justice) · Victim surveyRetrieved 2026-10-27 · Data (CSV file)	28.32024	NCVS Select records with newoff = 1 and notify = 1 ("Yes"), weighted with newwgt, as a share of all rape/sexual assault victimizations; 555 sample records in 2021-2024. The same method reproduces BJS's published single-year shares for 2023 and 2024 (Criminal Victimization, 2024, Table 4). Single years swing widely with so few cases: BJS publishes 46.0% for 2023 and 23.6% for 2024 (https://bjs.ojp.gov/document/cv24.zip, Table 4).	4 of 5 checks Yes: Method and definitions published. BJS publishes the codebook, crime definitions and survey methodology (NCVS Select codebook; Criminal Victimization, 2024, Methodology). Yes: Official statistics or peer-reviewed. Official statistics of the Bureau of Justice Statistics; the U.S. Census Bureau conducts the interviews. Yes: Full count or representative sample. Nationally representative household sample of persons age 12 or older; offender traits are as the victim perceived them. Yes: Raw data downloadable. Every victimization record with its weight downloads free from the BJS NCVS Select API. No: No known break or quality problem. Method breaks in 2006 and 2016, a half-sample in 2024, and few rape or sexual assault cases a year, so BJS's small-sample caution applies to some groups.	100%

Better and more direct sources count for more. A source that only copies another does not count.

BJS NCVS 100%

BJS NCVS100%

How the trust score was worked out

Quality32 / 40: How well the sources are made
Agreement15 / 30: Unknown with one source, so set to half
Independence6 / 20: How many separate ways the number was measured
Freshness10 / 10: How recent the newest data is

How the score works

Who reports it, and since when

Which kinds of source measure this number, which years each one published, and where the reporting stops or has holes.

Victim survey · 1

No source of these kinds: police and justice records.

Single source: nothing to check it against
BJS NCVS, 2006: BJS found "a break in series between 2006 and previous years" at the national level, mainly from a new sample based on the 2000 Census, the use of first-time interviews, and computer-assisted interviewing from July 2006 (Criminal Victimization, 2006, p. 1). source
BJS NCVS, 2016: The sample grew by 41% and was moved to the 2010 Census base; BJS issued a revised 2016 file so that 2016 can be compared with other years (Criminal Victimization, 2016: Revised). source
BJS NCVS, 2024: About half of 2024 households got the redesigned questionnaire; the 2024 data here come from the legacy half-sample only, which BJS says gives more variation and higher standard errors. source
BJS NCVS, 2025: BJS moved fully to the redesigned NCVS-R in January 2025 and says its estimates are not comparable with the legacy survey, so this series ends in 2024. source
BJS NCVS: no figure here for 21 years between 1996 and 2024

Years each source has a figure here

'00'05'10'15'20'24BJS NCVS

figure no figure here, inside its range no later figure recorded change

Rape/sexual assault victimizations by offender sex as described by the victim, % of all, 4-year periods 1993-2024

Each line is the source that counts most for that group.

Male
Female
Both male and female offenders
Unknown
Residue (not recorded)

Group	Figure	Year	Trust
Male	80.5	2024	63 Moderate
Female	8.1	2024	63 Moderate
Both male and female offenders	5.2	2024	63 Moderate
Unknown	2	2024	63 Moderate
Residue (not recorded)	4.2	2024	63 Moderate

Show every year as a table

Year	Male	Female	Both male and female offenders	Unknown	Residue (not recorded)
1996	95.7	2.5	0.4	0.3	1.2
2000	93.2	4.3	0.3	1.7	0.5
2004	91.6	5.5	1.2	0.5	1.2
2008	87.7	4.6	2.1	1.8	3.8
2012	85	7.2	2.3	5.1	0.4
2016	89.9	5.1	1.2	3	0.8
2020	89.4	4.3	0.2	2.7	3.5
2024	80.5	8.1	5.2	2	4.2

Rape/sexual assault victimizations by offender age as perceived by the victim, % of all, 4-year periods 1993-2024

Each line is the source that counts most for that group.

11 or younger
12-17
18-29
30 or older
Multiple offenders of various ages
Residue (unknown or not recorded)

Group	Figure	Year	Trust
11 or younger	0	2024	63 Moderate
12-17	5.5	2024	63 Moderate
18-29	26.3	2024	63 Moderate
30 or older	49.5	2024	63 Moderate
Multiple offenders of various ages	2.7	2024	63 Moderate
Residue (unknown or not recorded)	16	2024	63 Moderate

Show every year as a table

Year	11 or younger	12-17	18-29	30 or older	Multiple offenders of various ages	Residue (unknown or not recorded)
1996	0	9	32.5	48.3	5	5.2
2000	0.8	12.2	36.8	38	6.4	5.9
2004	0	10.8	35.8	45.3	3.4	4.7
2008	0	10.7	35.4	34.6	3.3	16
2012	0.3	6.7	26.9	53.8	4.8	7.5
2016	0	3.4	33.1	49.7	2.1	11.8
2020	0.2	7.6	33.6	43.9	1.3	13.4
2024	0	5.5	26.3	49.5	2.7	16

Rape/sexual assault victimizations by offender race or Hispanic origin as perceived by the victim, % of all, 4-year periods 2013-2024

Each line is the source that counts most for that group.

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native

Non-Hispanic Asian/Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander

Non-Hispanic more than one race

Hispanic

Unknown race/Hispanic origin

Mixed race group of offenders

Unknown number of offenders

Group	Figure	Year	Trust
Non-Hispanic white	39.3	2024	63 Moderate
Non-Hispanic black	20.6	2024	63 Moderate
Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native	0.4	2024	63 Moderate
Non-Hispanic Asian/Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander	1.1	2024	63 Moderate
Non-Hispanic more than one race	2.3	2024	63 Moderate
Hispanic	15.1	2024	63 Moderate
Unknown race/Hispanic origin	12.5	2024	63 Moderate
Mixed race group of offenders	3.9	2024	63 Moderate
Unknown number of offenders	4.8	2024	63 Moderate

Show every year as a table

Year	Non-Hispanic white	Non-Hispanic black	Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native	Non-Hispanic Asian/Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander	Non-Hispanic more than one race	Hispanic	Unknown race/Hispanic origin	Mixed race group of offenders	Unknown number of offenders
2016	48.9	20.3	0.2	0.8	2.1	15.6	9.9	0.9	1.3
2020	46.5	14.1	0.2	2	1.6	18.1	12.4	0.8	4.3
2024	39.3	20.6	0.4	1.1	2.3	15.1	12.5	3.9	4.8

Rape/sexual assault victimizations by the victim's relationship to the offender, % of all, 4-year periods 1993-2024

Each line is the source that counts most for that group.

Intimates
Other relatives
Well known/casual acquaintance
Strangers
Do not know relationship
Do not know number of offenders

Group	Figure	Year	Trust
Intimates	20.7	2024	63 Moderate
Other relatives	6.2	2024	63 Moderate
Well known/casual acquaintance	34.7	2024	63 Moderate
Strangers	29.6	2024	63 Moderate
Do not know relationship	3.8	2024	63 Moderate
Do not know number of offenders	4.8	2024	63 Moderate

Show every year as a table

Year	Intimates	Other relatives	Well known/casual acquaintance	Strangers	Do not know relationship	Do not know number of offenders
1996	25.2	6.8	39.3	25.1	2	1.5
2000	28.4	4.8	40.2	22.4	3.1	1
2004	27.6	3.4	40.2	25.5	1.9	1.3
2008	30.2	4	30.4	27.5	3.1	4.8
2012	22.4	4.5	48.6	18.2	2.6	3.7
2016	31.4	1.2	42.2	21.3	2.6	1.3
2020	28.6	2.6	34.8	26.2	3.5	4.3
2024	20.7	6.2	34.7	29.6	3.8	4.8

Rape/sexual assault victimizations by victim sex, % of all, 4-year periods 1993-2024

Each line is the source that counts most for that group.

Female victims
Male victims

Group	Figure	Year	Trust
Female victims	82.8	2024	63 Moderate
Male victims	17.2	2024	63 Moderate

Show every year as a table

Year	Female victims	Male victims
1996	90.9	9.1
2000	93.4	6.6
2004	91.5	8.5
2008	86.6	13.4
2012	82.8	17.2
2016	87	13
2020	90.2	9.8
2024	82.8	17.2

U.S. residents by sex, % of all ages, average of 1 July 2021-2024

Each line is the source that counts most for that group.

Male
Female

Group	Figure	Year	Trust
Male	49.5	2024	71 Moderate
Female	50.5	2024	71 Moderate

Show every year as a table

Year	Male	Female
2021	49.5	50.5
2022	49.5	50.5
2023	49.5	50.5
2024	49.5	50.5

U.S. residents by age group, % of all ages, average of 1 July 2021-2024

Each line is the source that counts most for that group.

11 or younger
12-17
18-29
30 or older

Group	Figure	Year	Trust
11 or younger	14.1	2024	71 Moderate
12-17	7.8	2024	71 Moderate
18-29	15.8	2024	71 Moderate
30 or older	62.3	2024	71 Moderate

Show every year as a table

Year	11 or younger	12-17	18-29	30 or older
2021	14.3	7.9	15.8	62
2022	14.1	7.8	15.8	62.2
2023	14	7.8	15.8	62.5
2024	13.8	7.7	15.8	62.7

U.S. residents by race and Hispanic origin, % of all ages, average of 1 July 2021-2024

Each line is the source that counts most for that group.

Non-Hispanic white
Non-Hispanic black
Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native
Non-Hispanic Asian/Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander
Non-Hispanic more than one race
Hispanic

Group	Figure	Year	Trust
Non-Hispanic white	58.4	2024	71 Moderate
Non-Hispanic black	12.6	2024	71 Moderate
Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native	0.7	2024	71 Moderate
Non-Hispanic Asian/Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander	6.4	2024	71 Moderate
Non-Hispanic more than one race	2.4	2024	71 Moderate
Hispanic	19.5	2024	71 Moderate

Show every year as a table

Year	Non-Hispanic white	Non-Hispanic black	Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native	Non-Hispanic Asian/Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander	Non-Hispanic more than one race	Hispanic
2021	59.2	12.6	0.7	6.1	2.3	19
2022	58.7	12.6	0.7	6.3	2.4	19.3
2023	58.1	12.6	0.7	6.5	2.4	19.6
2024	57.5	12.6	0.7	6.7	2.5	20

About this data

Every source on this page (2)

Who is behind the sources

71% Police or justice agency
29% Statistics office

Each publisher, its funding and its own description

Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) · Police or justice agencyFunding: U.S. federal budget; BJS is a component of the Office of Justice Programs in the U.S. Department of Justice. sourceIn its own words: “The mission of BJS is to collect, analyze, publish, and disseminate information on crime, criminal offenders, victims of crime…” source, retrieved 2026-10-27
US Census Bureau · Statistics officeFunding: U.S. federal budget, through the Department of Commerce. sourceIn its own words: “The Census Bureau's mission is to serve as the nation’s leading provider of quality data about its people and economy.” source, retrieved 2026-10-27

BJS National Crime Victimization Survey, NCVS Select - Personal Victimization (legacy instrument)Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) (police or justice agency) · Victim surveyUsed for 29 numbers; counts toward 29. Years 2024. Retrieved 2026-10-27.Open the publisher's page Data (CSV file)
U.S. Census Bureau, Vintage 2024 national population estimates by age, sex, race and Hispanic origin (NC-EST2024-ALLDATA)US Census Bureau (statistics office) · Population registerUsed for 12 numbers; counts toward 12. Years 2024. Retrieved 2026-10-27.Data (CSV file)

Why the numbers differ (5)

These shares count victimizations: each victim of an incident counts once, and a series of similar crimes counts up to ten times. One offender can account for many victimizations, so the shares describe crimes, not how many people in each group offend.
BJS's own offender tables in Criminal Victimization reports use incident weights and leave out incidents where the offender's traits were unknown, so their shares are higher for each known group than the shares here, which keep unknown answers in the total (Criminal Victimization, 2024, Methodology p. 21 and Table 13). (source, retrieved 2026-10-27)
Offender sex, age and race are what the victim perceived or was told; offenders the victim did not see or know well may be described wrongly or not at all.
Police arrest statistics cover only crimes reported to police and cleared by arrest, and count arrests, not victimizations; most rape and sexual assault victimizations in the survey were not reported to police, so arrest figures and survey figures describe different sets of crimes.
The survey does not cover victims under 12, people living in institutions, or victimizations outside the United States.

Common mistakes (3)

Reading an offender group's share of victimizations as an offending rate. A share depends on how many victimizations each offender commits, on incidents with several offenders and on unknown answers; the population shares on this page show only each group's size. (source, retrieved 2026-10-27)
Joining these figures to the redesigned survey (NCVS-R) used from 2025. BJS says NCVS-R estimates are not comparable with the legacy survey. (source, retrieved 2026-10-27)
Comparing single survey years for rape and sexual assault. Few cases are sampled each year, and BJS marks estimates based on 10 or fewer sample cases or with a coefficient of variation above 50% "interpret with caution"; this page pools four years for that reason. (source, retrieved 2026-10-27)

Context (4)

Sources considered and not used (6)

NCVS-R (redesigned survey), 2025: BJS says its estimates are not comparable with the legacy survey used here; the redesigned microdata are not in the NCVS Select API. (source, retrieved 2026-10-27)
Offending rates per 100,000 people in each group: Not computed: the survey counts victimizations, not offenders, and includes incidents with several offenders and unknown traits, and BJS publishes no such rate for rape or sexual assault alone.
Standard errors and confidence intervals: Not computed here; BJS publishes them only for its own tables. Small-sample periods are flagged in each line's notes with BJS's own caution rule. (source, retrieved 2026-10-27)
Offender race before 2012: The NCVS Select file codes perceived offender race and Hispanic origin as invalid before the first quarter of 2012. (source, retrieved 2026-10-27)
Census population before 2021: The population sets use the Vintage 2024 file only, which covers the latest pooled period; earlier periods would need the intercensal estimates, a different vintage. (source, retrieved 2026-10-27)
FBI Uniform Crime Reporting arrests for rape by race and sex: Counts arrests for crimes known to police, a different measure from offenders described by victims; left for a page on arrests.

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Cite as: RealStats, “Who commits rape and sexual assault in the US, as victims describe the offender?”, updated 2026-10-27, with the original sources listed on the page. Scores use formula version 1.0.
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