Suspects and convicts by group
18 questions, with yearly data from 1870 to 2026.
Pages that break down suspects, people charged or people convicted by sex, age, citizenship, origin or ethnicity. These count people the police or courts dealt with, not all offending. Groups can differ in age and sex make-up, and rates differ steeply by age and sex (see crime by age and sex); each page says which figures its publisher adjusts for these.
Questions
| Question | Years | Trust |
|---|---|---|
| Are immigrants in the US incarcerated or convicted more or less often than US-born people?0.46 times as likely as US-born men aged 18–40 to live in an institution (mostly prisons, jails and immigration detention), 2024 | 1870–2024 | 88 High |
| Are most murder suspects men or women?89 countries % of homicide suspects who were male (where sex was recorded) | 2009–2024 | 68 Moderate |
| How do arrest rates in the US differ by race and sex, and how have they changed since 1980?4,721.74 all offenses arrests per 100,000 Black residents, 2025 | 1980–2025 | 63 Moderate |
| How do arrests, convictions and prison numbers in England and Wales differ by ethnicity?10.57 arrests per 1,000 people who define themselves as White, Year ending 31 March 2026 | 2005–2026 | 63 Moderate |
| How do conviction rates in Denmark differ by origin, before and after adjusting for age and income?316 index points for male descendants from non-Western countries, where all men aged 15-79 = 100 (unadjusted), 2024 | 1980–2026 | 55 Low |
| How do crime rates in Norway differ by citizenship and immigrant background?1,635.97 persons charged per 100,000 immigrants, Annual average 2021-2023 | 1992–2026 | 68 Moderate |
| How do crime suspect and conviction rates in Switzerland differ by nationality and residence status?42.13 % of people accused of all Criminal Code offences who belong to the group "Swiss citizens", Cases closed by police in calendar year 2025 | 1984–2025 | 63 Moderate |
| How do crime suspect rates in Finland differ by origin, including for sexual offences?2,528.38 suspects of penal code offences per 100,000 people with Finnish background, Year the offence was solved, 2025 | 1990–2025 | 63 Moderate |
| How do crime suspect rates in the Netherlands differ by origin, and within the same income group?500 registered crime suspects per 100,000 people born in the Netherlands, both parents born in the Netherlands, 2025 | 2005–2026 | 63 Moderate |
| How does registered crime differ by migration background in Sweden?2.51 times as often registered as a crime suspect as people born in Sweden to two Swedish-born parents (no adjustment), Offences committed 2015-2018 | 2001–2018 | 60 Moderate |
| How has the number of homicides in England and Wales changed since 1960?8.58 homicide victims per million people, Year ending March 2025 | 1960–2025 | 58 Low |
| How has the share of non-German citizens among crime suspects in Germany changed since 1993, for rape, homicide and other crimes?35.52 % of crime suspects who are not German citizens, immigration offences left out, Cases passed to prosecutors in each calendar year | 1970–2025 | 63 Moderate |
| How many rapes are reported to police in each country, and who are the suspects?152 countries rapes recorded by police per 100,000 people | 1980–2025 | 68 Moderate |
| How much does the crime rate depend on age and sex?48.19 men aged 18-20 charged with an offence per 1,000 men of that age, Final police or prosecution decisions in 2024 | 1970–2025 | 63 Moderate |
| Is youth crime rising in Norway?Falling SSB charged down 6.6% (2014–2024) | 2014–2025 | 63 Moderate |
| What share of crime suspects in Germany are not German citizens?40.08 % of crime suspects who are not German citizens, Cases passed to prosecutors in calendar year 2025 | 2024–2025 | 71 Moderate |
| Who commits homicide in the US, by the offender's sex, age and race, as recorded by police, since 1980?17.15 homicide offenders per 100,000 Black or African American residents, 2025 | 1980–2025 | 63 Moderate |
| Who commits rape and sexual assault in the US, as victims describe the offender?80.5 % of rape or sexual assault victimizations in which the victim described the offender as male, 2024 | 1996–2024 | 63 Moderate |
Longest trends (6)
The longest yearly series on each page, from the source that counts most. Hover or use arrow keys for each year.
- Homicide rate in England and Wales, year ending March 2025
homicide victims per million people, 1967–2025, Homicide Index
- All offenses arrests per 100,000 people of the same race, 1985-2025
all offenses arrests per 100,000 White residents, 1985–2025, FBI CDE
- White
- Black
- American Indian or Alaska Native
- Asian or Pacific Islander
- Homicide offenders per 100,000 people in the same group, by race and by sex, 1980-2025
homicide offenders per 100,000 White residents, 1985–2025, FBI SHR
- White
- Black or African American
- American Indian or Alaska Native
- Asian or Pacific Islander
- Male
- Female
- Non-German share of suspects for rape, sexual coercion and sexual assault (serious cases), 2025
% of rape and serious sexual assault suspects who are not German citizens, 1987–2025, BKA suspects
- Persons charged per 100,000 residents aged 15+, adjusted by SSB for sex and age, 1992-2015 (SSB report 2017/36)
persons charged per 100,000 immigrants aged 15 and over, adjusted for sex and age, 1992–2015, SSB 2017 adj.
- Immigrants
- Norwegian-born to immigrant parents
- Rest of the population
- Suspects of penal code offences per 100,000, by origin, 2000-2025
suspects of penal code offences per 100,000 people with Finnish background, 2000–2025, StatFin 13zk
- Finnish background
- Foreign background, born abroad
- Foreign background, born in Finland
Who publishes what (100 countries, 8 breakdowns)
Years this site has for each country and breakdown. "Stopped" means the country's figures in the UN homicide file stop after that year while its totals continue (reporting gaps). An empty cell means no source on this site, not that none exists.
| Country | Offenders by country of birth or origin | Offenders by immigration status | Offenders by sex | Offenders by ethnicity or race | Victims by ethnicity or race | Offenders by citizenship | Offenders by age | Victims by sex |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| USA | 1870–2024 | 1870–2024 | 1980–2025 | 1980–2025 | 1980–2025 | – | 1980–2025 | 1980–2025 |
| GBR | – | – | 1960–2025 | 2005–2026 | 2005–2026 | – | 1960–2025 | 1960–2025 |
| NOR | 1992–2024 | – | 1987–2025 | – | – | 1992–2024 | 1987–2025 | – |
| CHE | – | 1984–2025 | 1984–2025 | – | – | 1984–2025 | – | – |
| DEU | – | – | 1987–2025 | – | – | 1987–2025 | 1987–2025 | – |
| FIN | 2000–2025 | – | 2000–2025 | – | – | 2000–2025 | – | – |
| NLD | 2005–2025 | – | 2005–2025 | – | – | – | 2005–2025 | – |
| ARM | – | – | 2010–2018 · Stopped after 2018, totals to 2024 | – | – | Stopped after 2018, totals to 2024 | – | – |
| DNK | 2008–2025 | – | 2015–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| JPN | – | – | 2016 | – | – | Stopped after 2016, totals to 2024 | – | – |
| LKA | – | – | 2010–2016 · Stopped after 2016, totals to 2022 | – | – | Stopped after 2018, totals to 2022 | – | – |
| RUS | – | – | 2010–2020 · Stopped after 2020, totals to 2024 | – | – | Stopped after 2020, totals to 2024 | – | – |
| SWE | 2001–2018 | – | 2008–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| ALB | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Andorra | – | – | Stopped after 2015, totals to 2020 | – | – | – | – | – |
| ARE | – | – | 2012 | – | – | – | – | – |
| AUS | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| AUT | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| AZE | – | – | 2010–2017 · Stopped after 2017, totals to 2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| BEL | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| BGR | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| BHS | – | – | 2010–2023 | – | – | – | – | – |
| BIH | – | – | 2011–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| BLR | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| BLZ | – | – | 2010–2022 | – | – | – | – | – |
| CAN | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Cayman Islands | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Stopped after 2014, totals to 2020 |
| CHL | – | – | 2010–2023 | – | – | – | – | – |
| COL | – | – | 2010–2022 | – | – | – | – | – |
| CPV | – | – | 2013–2015 · Stopped after 2015, totals to 2020 | – | – | – | – | – |
| CRI | – | – | 2016–2023 | – | – | – | – | – |
| CZE | – | – | 2016–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| DOM | – | – | 2012–2020 · Stopped after 2020, totals to 2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| DZA | – | – | 2010–2021 | – | – | – | – | – |
| ECU | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| EGY | – | – | 2010–2011 · Stopped after 2011, totals to 2017 | – | – | – | – | – |
| ESP | – | – | 2009–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| FRA | – | – | 2008–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| French Guiana | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Stopped after 2009, totals to 2020 |
| GEO | – | – | 2010 · Stopped after 2010, totals to 2019 | – | – | – | – | – |
| GRC | – | – | 2016–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Guadeloupe | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Stopped after 2009, totals to 2016 |
| GUY | – | – | 2011–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| HKG | – | – | 2010–2023 | – | – | – | – | – |
| HND | – | – | 2012–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| HRV | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| HUN | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| IND | – | – | 2010–2021 | – | – | – | – | – |
| IRL | – | – | 2019–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| ITA | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| JAM | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| JOR | – | – | 2020 | – | – | – | – | – |
| KAZ | – | – | 2010–2017 | – | – | – | – | – |
| KEN | – | – | 2010–2021 | – | – | – | – | – |
| KGZ | – | – | 2010–2021 | – | – | – | – | – |
| KNA | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| KOR | – | – | 2016–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| LCA | – | – | 2019–2023 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Liechtenstein | – | – | Stopped after 2016, totals to 2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| LTU | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| LVA | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| MAR | – | – | 2012–2023 | – | – | – | – | – |
| MDA | – | – | 2014 · Stopped after 2014, totals to 2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| MDG | – | – | 2015 | – | – | – | – | – |
| MDV | – | – | 2012–2017 | – | – | – | – | – |
| MEX | – | – | 2018–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| MKD | – | – | 2010–2014 · Stopped after 2014, totals to 2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| MMR | – | – | 2010–2015 · Stopped after 2015, totals to 2022 | – | – | – | – | – |
| MNG | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Montserrat | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Stopped after 2012, totals to 2018 |
| MOZ | – | – | 2009 | – | – | – | – | – |
| MUS | – | – | 2010–2021 | – | – | – | – | – |
| NIC | – | – | 2010 | – | – | – | – | – |
| NZL | – | – | 2010–2023 | – | – | – | – | – |
| OMN | – | – | 2016 | – | – | – | – | – |
| PAN | – | – | 2016–2022 | – | – | – | – | – |
| PER | – | – | 2011–2013 | – | – | – | – | – |
| POL | – | – | 2009–2023 · Stopped after 2015, totals to 2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| PRT | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| PRY | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| QAT | – | – | 2021 | – | – | – | – | – |
| SAU | – | – | 2019 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Seychelles | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Stopped after 2014, totals to 2022 |
| SLV | – | – | 2010–2022 | – | – | – | – | – |
| SRB | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| SUR | – | – | 2018–2023 | – | – | – | – | – |
| SVK | – | – | 2014–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| SVN | – | – | 2019–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| THA | – | – | 2015 | – | – | – | – | – |
| TJK | – | – | 2010–2011 · Stopped after 2011, totals to 2020 | – | – | – | – | – |
| TTO | – | – | 2010–2020 · Stopped after 2020, totals to 2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| TUR | – | – | 2010–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Stopped after 2014, totals to 2024 |
| TZA | – | – | 2010–2015 · Stopped after 2015, totals to 2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| UGA | – | – | 2010–2014 · Stopped after 2014, totals to 2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Ukraine | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Stopped after 2017, totals to 2021 |
| URY | – | – | 2012–2024 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Stopped after 2017, totals to 2023 |
| XKX | – | – | 2016–2021 | – | – | – | – | – |
| ZWE | – | – | 2022 | – | – | – | – | – |
Recorded changes in how sources report (187)
- 2025, Home Office: Derbyshire Constabulary could not provide data for 2024/25 and 2025/26 because of data quality issues; its data are excluded from time series comparisons (Home Office note 10). source · page
- 2025, MoJ prisons: Roma shown as a separate White category from 30 June 2025 (Table 1.A.22). source · page
- 2025, Homicide Index: ONS note 4: Home Office statisticians undertake regular data quality exercises with police forces on suspect information, cancelled crimes and court outcomes for historical data. Totals shown in this table will not match previously published figures. source · page
- 2025, Homicide Index: ONS note 2: As at 5 December 2025; figures are subject to revision as cases are dealt with by the police and by the courts, or as further information becomes available. source · page
- 2025, Homicide Index: ONS: "Homicide cases are often complex and can take considerable time to reach an outcome in court." source · page
- 2025, BJS NCVS: BJS moved fully to the redesigned NCVS-R in January 2025 and says its estimates are not comparable with the legacy survey, so this series ends in 2024. source · page
- 2024, MoJ CJSQ: MoJ: 33% of defendants at magistrates' courts and 36% at the Crown Court had an unknown ethnicity in 2024; recording relies on earlier stages and is not mandatory. source · page
- 2024, BFS PKS: On 1 July 2024 the revised sexual criminal law (AS 2024 27) took effect. Art. 190 now covers intercourse or a similar act involving penetration of the body against the will of a person, of any sex, without requiring coercion; coercion remains an aggravated form. BFS: "Ein Vergleich der Zahlen mit früheren Jahren ist daher nur eingeschränkt möglich" (PKS report 2025, p. 5). source · page
- 2024, BFS SUS: From conviction year 2024 BFS identifies everyone who belonged to the permanent resident population at the start of the year, so its conviction rates are no longer limited to Swiss citizens and foreigners with a B or C permit. source · page
- 2024, CBS 85658NED: In February 2024 CBS discontinued its suspect tables by migration background (last year 2022) and published new tables by own and parents' birthplace and country of origin, covering 2010 onwards. source · page
- 2024, CBS 85658NED: The new tables no longer estimate missing suspects registered by the Royal Marechaussee, deduplicate 2020-2022 better and drop arrested suspects; CBS says the figures differ slightly from the old tables. source · page
- 2024, CBS 85658NED: Figures for 2024 and 2025 are provisional; CBS says provisional figures undercount suspects, by a few percent in the most recent year. source · page
- 2024, CBS old table: The new tables no longer estimate missing suspects registered by the Royal Marechaussee, deduplicate 2020-2022 better and drop arrested suspects; CBS says the figures differ slightly from the old tables. source · page
- 2024, CBS 81947NED: The new tables no longer estimate missing suspects registered by the Royal Marechaussee, deduplicate 2020-2022 better and drop arrested suspects; CBS says the figures differ slightly from the old tables. source · page
- 2024, BKA suspects: Possession and home growing of cannabis were partly legalised on 1 April 2024; the BKA says suspect totals for 2024 and 2025 are not comparable with earlier years (PKS 2025 report, p. 8). source · page
- 2024, Convicted: Possession and home growing of cannabis were partly legalised on 1 April 2024; the BKA says suspect totals for 2024 and 2025 are not comparable with earlier years (PKS 2025 report, p. 8). source · page
- 2024, BKA German: From 2024 the rates use population figures based on the 2022 census; the BKA says comparison with earlier years is only possible to a limited extent. source · page
- 2024, BKA German: Possession and home growing of cannabis were partly legalised on 1 April 2024; the BKA says suspect totals for 2024 and 2025 are not comparable with earlier years (PKS 2025 report, p. 8). source · page
- 2024, BKA non-German: From 2024 the rates use population figures based on the 2022 census; the BKA says comparison with earlier years is only possible to a limited extent. source · page
- 2024, BKA non-German: Possession and home growing of cannabis were partly legalised on 1 April 2024; the BKA says suspect totals for 2024 and 2025 are not comparable with earlier years (PKS 2025 report, p. 8). source · page
- 2024, Eurostat: Eurostat's note: Switzerland revised its sexual criminal law in 2024, which could affect the figures (Eurostat crim_sims). source · page
- 2024, UNODC: Eurostat's note: Switzerland revised its sexual criminal law in 2024, which could affect the figures (Eurostat crim_sims). source · page
- 2024, BKA: From 2024 the rates use population figures based on the 2022 census; the BKA says comparison with earlier years is only possible to a limited extent. source · page
- 2024, BKA: Possession and home growing of cannabis were partly legalised on 1 April 2024; the BKA says suspect totals for 2024 and 2025 are not comparable with earlier years (PKS 2025 report, p. 8). source · page
- 2024, Destatis: From 2024 the rates use population figures based on the 2022 census; the BKA says comparison with earlier years is only possible to a limited extent. source · page
- 2024, BJS NCVS: About half of 2024 households got the redesigned questionnaire; the 2024 data here come from the legacy half-sample only, which BJS says gives more variation and higher standard errors. source · page
- 2023, Home Office: In November 2022 the Metropolitan Police changed data system; the share of its arrest records without self-defined ethnicity rose from 4% in 2021/22 to 69% in 2023/24 and was 34% in 2025/26 (Home Office note 14). source · page
- 2023, Home Office: Arrests by officer-observed ethnicity published from 2022/23, alongside self-defined ethnicity (Table A_01d). source · page
- 2023, DST StatBank: The statistics on convicted persons appeared in the publication Kriminalitet up to and including 2023; DST now publishes them in StatBank and in Indvandrere i Danmark (documentation, section 8.5). source · page
- 2023, SSB 2021-23: The update for 2020-2023 (published 9 December 2024, changed 17 December 2024) added persons charged per 1,000 residents to Table 3 and uses SSB's Standard for world division, which SSB says differs minimally from the grouping used for 2015-2018. Neither table set covers 2019. source · page
- 2023, StatFin 13zk: Act 723/2022 amending the Criminal Code entered into force on 1 January 2023. Rape is now sexual intercourse with a person who does not participate voluntarily, with a list of situations where participation is not voluntary; sexual intercourse with a child under 16 is a separate offence, rape of a child (Chapter 20, Section 12). source · page
- 2023, StatFin 13zk: Statistics Finland: offences under the new sexual offences legislation are recorded under their own headings from 2023, and headings under the old legislation, marked (-2022), are still used. This page adds the old and new rape headings together from 2023. source · page
- 2023, StatFin 13jg: Act 723/2022 amending the Criminal Code entered into force on 1 January 2023. Rape is now sexual intercourse with a person who does not participate voluntarily, with a list of situations where participation is not voluntary; sexual intercourse with a child under 16 is a separate offence, rape of a child (Chapter 20, Section 12). source · page
- 2023, StatFin 13jg: Statistics Finland: offences under the new sexual offences legislation are recorded under their own headings from 2023, and headings under the old legislation, marked (-2022), are still used. This page adds the old and new rape headings together from 2023. source · page
- 2023, Eurostat: Act 723/2022 amending the Criminal Code, in force 1 January 2023. Eurostat's note: before 2023 rape was defined "with the use of force or threat to use force", from 2023 "with the use of force or without consent"; the counting method was also revised to include reports the police decided were not an offence (Eurostat crim_sims). source · page
- 2023, UNODC: Act 723/2022 amending the Criminal Code, in force 1 January 2023. Eurostat's note: before 2023 rape was defined "with the use of force or threat to use force", from 2023 "with the use of force or without consent"; the counting method was also revised to include reports the police decided were not an offence (Eurostat crim_sims). source · page
- 2023, Eurostat: Eurostat's note: from the 2023 data, Spain's rape figure includes sexual assaults with penetration and sexual abuse with penetration, after Organic Law 10/2022 (Eurostat crim_sims). source · page
- 2023, UNODC: Eurostat's note: from the 2023 data, Spain's rape figure includes sexual assaults with penetration and sexual abuse with penetration, after Organic Law 10/2022 (Eurostat crim_sims). source · page
- 2022, CBS 85658NED: On 16 February 2022 CBS announced it would replace the classification by migration background (first and second generation; western and non-western) with own and parents' birthplace plus country of origin by world region and main migration countries, introduced table by table. Its stated reasons: the terms western and non-western are geographically incorrect, and diversity within the two groups is large. source · page
- 2022, CBS old table: Last year published by migration background and generation; CBS discontinued the table in February 2024. source · page
147 more on the topic's pages.